Table 1 |
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Distribution of cases and controls stratified by sex among selected risk factors in a case-control study of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Iran1 |
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|
Variable |
Male |
Female |
P-value2 |
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|
|
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|
Cases |
Control |
Cases |
Control |
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|
|
|
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|
Participants, n |
18 (32.1) |
38 (67.9) |
29(33.3) |
58(66.7) |
|
|
Age3, year |
60.0(54.75-67.00) |
60.0 (54.25-67.00) |
57.0(50.00-70.50) |
58.0 (48.75-72.25) |
0.17 |
|
≤58 |
8(44.4) |
17(44.7) |
17(58.6) |
32(55.2) |
|
|
>58 |
10(55.6) |
21(55.3) |
12(41.4) |
26(44.8) |
|
|
Education, year |
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|
Illiterate |
14(77.8) |
25(65.8) |
28(96.6) |
55(94.8) |
<0.001 |
|
Literate |
4(22.2) |
13(34.2) |
1(3.4) |
3(5.2) |
|
|
Monthly family income, US $ |
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|
<300 |
15 (83.3) |
33 (86.8) |
28 (96.6) |
53 (91.4) |
0.14 |
|
≥300 |
3 (16.7) |
5(13.2) |
1 (3.4) |
5 (8.6) |
|
|
Place of residence |
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|
Rural |
11(61.1) |
20(52.6) |
22(75.9) |
28(48.3)* |
0.80 |
|
Urban |
7(38.9) |
18(47.4) |
7(24.1) |
30(51.7)* |
|
|
Smoking history |
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|
Never smoker |
5(27.8) |
17(44.7) |
23(79.3) |
51(87.9) |
<0.001 |
|
Ex-smoker, pack year < 10 |
3(16.7) |
3(7.9) |
3(10.3) |
4(6.9) |
|
|
Ex-smoker, pack year≥10 |
1(5.5) |
11(28.9) |
3(10.3) |
1(1.7) |
|
|
Current smoker, pack year < 20 |
3(16.7) |
4(10.5) |
0(0.0) |
1(1.7) |
|
|
Current smoker, pack year ≥20 |
6(33.3) |
3(7.9) |
0(0.0) |
1(1.7) |
|
|
Having symptoms of GERD4 |
6(33.3) |
6(15.8) |
10(34.5) |
3(5.2)* |
0.31 |
|
Familial cancer history |
1(5.6) |
0(0.0) |
3(10.3) |
0(0.0)* |
0.48 |
|
Physical activity |
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|
Light |
13(72.2) |
21(55.3)* |
16(75.9) |
35(60.4)* |
0.001 |
|
Heavy |
5(27.8) |
17(44.7)* |
7(24.1) |
23(39.6)* |
|
|
BMI, kg/m2 |
19.9(3.1)5 |
24.8(4.0)* |
20.8(3.3) |
25.7(4.3)* |
0.01 |
|
≤24.9 |
16(88.9) |
20(52.6)* |
24(82.8) |
27(46.6) |
|
|
>24.9 |
2(11.1) |
18(47.4)* |
5(17.2) |
31(53.4) |
|
|
NSAIDs use |
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|
Aspirin |
2(11.2) |
0(0.0) |
1(5.6) |
0(0.0) |
0.63 |
|
Non-aspirin |
3(7.9) |
0(0.0) |
1(3.4) |
0(0.0) |
|
|
Food and beverage temperature |
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|
Hot |
15(83.3) |
6(15.8)* |
17(58.6) |
9(15.5)* |
0.03 |
|
Warm/cold |
3(16.7) |
32(84.2)* |
12(41.4) |
49(84.5)* |
|
|
Cooking method |
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|
Fried/barbecued |
8(44.4) |
3(7.9)* |
6(20.7) |
3(5.2)* |
0.14 |
|
Boiled |
7(38.9) |
21(55.3)* |
10(34.5) |
49(84.5)* |
|
|
Both |
3(16.7) |
14(36.8)* |
13(44.8) |
6(10.3)* |
|
|
|
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|
GERD: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease; BMI: Body mass index; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs *Statistically significant between case and control groups (p < 0.05) 1Values are n (%), unless otherwise noted 2P-values were estimated using chi-square statistics, Fishers' exact test or independent t-test for the difference between genders 3Median (interquartile range (IQR)) 4Patients who present with the typical GERD symptoms of heartburn and acid regurgitation 5Mean (SD) |
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Jessri et al. Nutrition Journal 2011 10:137 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-137 |
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