Table 2 |
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Cafestol and kahweol concentrations of coffee samples and predicted effects on serum cholesterol for consuming 5 cups daily. Coffee samples are from Singapore, Indonesia, India (current study) and Europe (Urgert et al, 1995) using various brewing methods. |
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Predicted effect of 5 cups/day |
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Source of Coffee Sample |
Brewing Methods |
Cafestol (mg/cup) |
Kahweol (mg/cup) |
#Serum cholesterol (mmol/l) |
#Fasting triglycerides (mmol/l) |
|
Current study (Asia) |
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|
Singapore overall (n = 14) |
filtered ('sock') |
0.09 ± 0.064 (0.02 - 0.23) |
0.01 ± 0.02 (0.01 - 0.06) |
0.01 |
<0.01 |
|
Singapore Chinese (n = 7) |
filtered ('sock') |
0.13 ± 0.07 (0.04 - 0.23) |
0.02 ± 0.02 (0.00 - 0.06) |
0.01 |
0.01 |
|
Singapore Malay (n = 4) |
filtered ('sock') |
0.06 ± 0.05 (0.02 - 0.13) |
0.005 ± 0.01 (0.00 - 0.02) |
0.01 |
<0.01 |
|
Singapore Indian (n = 3) |
filtered ('sock') only |
0.04 ± 0.02 (0.03 - 0.07) |
0.003 ± 0.005 (0.00 - 0.01) |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
|
India (n = 5) |
filtered (metal) |
0.05 ± 0.04 (0.01 - 0.12) |
0.03 ± 0.03 (0.01 - 0.07) |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
|
Indonesia (overall) (n = 4 ) |
filtered ('sock', metal); unfiltered |
1.78 ± 1.78 (0.56 - 4.43) |
0.24 ± 0.24 (0.09 - 0.59) |
0.13 |
0.08 |
|
Indonesia (n = 2) |
filtered ('sock') |
0.85 ± 0.42 (0.56 - 1.15) |
0.15 ± 0.08 (0.09 - 0.20) |
0.06 |
0.04 |
|
Indonesia (n = 1) |
filtered (metal) |
0.98 |
0.09 |
0.07 |
0.04 |
|
Indonesia (n = 1) |
unfiltered |
4.43 |
0.59 |
0.33 |
0.20 |
|
Urgert et al (1995) (Europe) |
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|
Scandinavian boiled (n = 14)* |
boiled |
2.4 ± 2.24 (0.64-9.68) |
3.12 ± 2.72 (0.8-11.68) |
0.18 |
0.11 |
|
Turkish/Greek (n = 11)* |
3.12 ± 2.56 (0.4-8.0) |
3.12 ± 3.12 (0.08-8.56) |
0.23 |
0.14 |
|
|
French Press (n = 5)* |
French press |
2.8 ± 0.96 (1.84-4.4) |
3.52 ± 1.68 (2.08-6.4) |
0.21 |
0.13 |
|
Espresso: |
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|
Italy (n = 10)* |
espresso |
1.2 ± 0.8 (0.16-2.32) |
1.44 ± 1.04 (0.16-3.12) |
0.09 |
0.05 |
|
Other (n = 21)* |
espresso |
0.96 ± 0.72 (0.0-2.48) |
1.12 ± 0.88 (0.0-3.12) |
0.07 |
0.04 |
|
Instant* |
instant |
0.2 (0.0-0.6) |
- |
0.01 |
0.01 |
|
Drip filtered (n = 3)* |
filtered (paper) |
0.08 ± 0.0 |
- |
0.01 |
<0.01 |
|
Drip filtered (n = 3)* |
filtered (nylon) |
0.64 ± 0.08 |
- |
0.05 |
0.03 |
|
|
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Data are means ± SD (range). 1 cup is 120 ml. *Adapted from Urgert et al (1995b); for some of the samples no SD or range for cafestol or no data on kahweol was presented in this publication.# Based on the calculation proposed by Urgert and Katan (1997): Δcholesterol (mmol/l) = 0.015 × cafestol (mg/day) and Δtrigycerides (mmol/l) = 0.009 × cafestol (mg/day) |
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Naidoo et al. Nutrition Journal 2011 10:48 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-48 |
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