Table 3 |
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Characteristics of the Singapore Prospective Study (SP2) (N = 3000) by coffee consumption categories. |
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|
Characteristic |
Total |
Never or <1 cup/week |
<1cup/week to <1 cup/day |
1-2 cups/day |
≥3 cups/day |
P value |
|
|
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|
n = 891 |
n = 358 |
n = 1509 |
n = 242 |
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|
|
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|
Age (y) |
47.5 ± 11.2 |
45.3 ± 11.5 |
45.9 ± 11.4 |
49.0 ± 10.9 |
48.5 ± 10.1 |
<0.001 |
|
|
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|
Gender |
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|
|
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|
Male |
1348 (44.9) |
327 (36.7) |
159 (44.4) |
689 (45.7) |
173 (71.5) |
|
|
|
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|
Female |
1652 (55.1) |
564 (63.3) |
199 (55.6) |
820 (54.3) |
69 (28.5) |
<0.001 |
|
|
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|
Ethnicity |
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|
|
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|
Chinese |
2058 (68.6) |
575 (64.5) |
254 (70.9) |
1063 (70.4) |
166 (68.6) |
|
|
|
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|
Malay |
531 (17.7) |
183 (20.5) |
62 (17.3) |
243 (16.1) |
43 (17.8) |
|
|
|
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|
Indian |
411 (13.7) |
133 (14.9) |
42 (11.7) |
203 (13.5) |
33 (13.6) |
0.074 |
|
|
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|
BMI (kg/m2) |
23.6 ± 4.3 |
23.4 ± 4.3 |
23.4 ± 4.6 |
23.7 ± 4.4 |
23.9 ± 3.9 |
0.159 |
|
|
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|
Education |
||||||
|
|
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|
Primary school and below |
705 (23.5) |
163 (18.3) |
75 (20.9) |
395 (26.2) |
72 (29.8) |
|
|
|
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|
Secondary school |
1295 (43.2) |
378 (42.4) |
131 (36.6) |
681 (45.1) |
105 (43.4) |
|
|
|
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|
Polytechnic and diploma |
518 (17.3) |
189 (21.2) |
67 (18.7) |
225 (14.9) |
37 (15.3) |
|
|
|
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|
University |
482 (16.1) |
161 (18.1) |
85 (23.7) |
208 (13.8) |
28 (11.6) |
<0.001 |
|
|
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|
Physical Activity (kcal/week) |
523.1 (268.9-952.7) |
522.3 (251.5-987.2) |
481.0 (268.0-826.4) |
530.8 (277.0-937.2) |
550.5 (273.3-1108.2) |
0.141 |
|
|
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|
Energy intake (kcal) |
1829.8 (1443.9-2336.6) |
1788.1 (1386.2-2278.7) |
1763.8 (1387.4-2324.7) |
1824.6 (1465.2-2304.1) |
2132.6 (1666.6-2647.2) |
<0.001 |
|
|
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|
Fiber intake (g/1000 kcal) |
10.5 (9.1-12.3) |
10.9 (9.3-12.8) |
10.6 (9.3-12.4) |
10.5 (9.1-12.2) |
9.1 (7.9-10.8) |
<0.001 |
|
|
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|
Cholesterol intake (mg/1000 kcal) |
115.4 (90.2-141.7) |
115.2 (88.8-142.7) |
110.9 (88.1-140.6) |
116.2 (91.0-140.3) |
119.6 (93.0-149.3) |
0.171 |
|
|
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|
PUFA intake (% of energy) |
5.3 (4.2-7.2) |
5.5 (4.2-7.6) |
5.3 (4.2-7.1) |
5.3 (4.2-7.2) |
4.8 (3.9-6.4) |
0.001 |
|
|
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|
MUFA intake (% of energy) |
9.7 ± 2.6 |
9.8 ± 2.7 |
9.8 ± 2.5 |
9.6 ± 2.6 |
9.5 ± 2.5 |
0.001 |
|
|
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|
SFA intake (% of energy) |
11.1 ± 2.8 |
11.1 ± 3.0 |
10.9 ± 2.6 |
11.1 ± 2.8 |
11.6 ± 2.8 |
<0.001 |
|
|
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|
Cigarette Smoking |
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Never smoker |
2393 (79.8) |
782 (87.8) |
298 (83.2) |
1184 (78.5) |
129 (53.3) |
|
|
|
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|
Past smoker |
240 (8.0) |
47 (5.3) |
24 (6.7) |
139 (9.2) |
30 (12.4) |
|
|
|
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|
Current (<10 cigarettes/day) |
115 (3.8) |
26 (2.9) |
15 (4.2) |
62 (4.1) |
12 (5.0) |
|
|
|
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|
Current (≥10 cigarettes/day) |
252 (8.4) |
36 (4.0) |
21 (5.9) |
124 (8.2) |
71 (29.3) |
<0.001 |
|
|
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|
Alcohol Consumption |
||||||
|
|
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|
non-drinker |
2457 (81.9) |
755 (84.7) |
289 (80.7) |
1227 (81.3) |
186 (76.9) |
|
|
|
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|
<1 serving/day |
479 (16.0) |
128 (14.4) |
62 (17.3) |
241 (16) |
48 (19.8) |
|
|
|
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|
≥1 serving/day |
64 (2.1) |
8 (0.9) |
7 (2.0) |
41 (2.7) |
8 (3.3) |
0.012 |
|
|
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|
Abbreviations: PUFA - polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFA - monounsaturated fatty acids, SAF - saturated fatty acids Values are mean ± SD for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test (for non-normally distributed continuous variables), analysis of covariance (for normally distributed continuous variables) or the chi-squared test (for categorical variables) was used to compare participant characteristics across coffee consumption categories. |
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|
Naidoo et al. Nutrition Journal 2011 10:48 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-48 |
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