Table 1 |
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Characteristics of study participants across categories of coffee consumeda |
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Total |
Never or rarely (n = 1202) |
< 1 cup per day (n = 475) |
1-2 cups per day (n = 2118) |
≥ 3 cups per day (n = 344) |
P-value |
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Age (y) |
48.8 ± 11.3 |
46.9 ± 11.7 |
47.1 ± 11.7 |
50.2 ± 11.0 |
49.2 ± 9.9 |
<0.001 |
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BMI (kg/m2) |
23.2 (20.8 - 26.0) |
23 (20.4 - 26.09) |
23.2 (20.5 - 25.9) |
23.3 (20.9 - 26.1) |
23.4(21.5 - 26.0) |
0.0317 |
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Females, n (%) |
2218 (53.6) |
739 (61.5) |
265 (55.8) |
1112 (52.5) |
102 (29.7) |
<0.001 |
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Ethnicity, n (%) |
0.117 |
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Chinese |
2868 (69.3) |
793 (66.0) |
337 (70.9) |
1503 (71.0) |
235 (68.3) |
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Malay |
698 (16.9) |
228 (19.0) |
77 (16.2) |
332 (15.7) |
61 (17.7) |
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Indian |
573 (13.8) |
181 (15.1) |
61 (12.8) |
283 (13.4) |
48 (14.0) |
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Primary education and below, n (%) |
998 (24.1) |
236 (19.6) |
99 (20.8) |
569 (26.9) |
94 (27.3) |
< 0.001 |
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Alcohol consumption, n (%) |
0.003 |
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Non-drinker |
3371 (81.4) |
1016 (84.5) |
379 (79.8) |
1711 (80.8) |
265 (77.0) |
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< 1 serving per day |
690 (16.7) |
175 (14.6) |
88 (18.5) |
356 (16.8) |
71 (20.6) |
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≥ 1 serving per day |
78 (1.9) |
11 (0.9) |
8 (1.7) |
51 (2.4) |
8 (2.3) |
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Current cigarette smoking, n (%) |
485 (11.7) |
76 (6.3) |
41 (8.6) |
262 (12.4) |
106 (30.8) |
< 0.001 |
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Black tea (cups/week)b |
4.4 ± 6.0 |
5.5 ± 7.0 |
4.6 ± 5.5 |
3.7 ± 5.2 |
4.0 ± 6.9 |
< 0.001 |
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Chinese tea (cups/week)b |
2.1 ± 5.2 |
2.1 ± 5.5 |
2.8 ± 6.1 |
2.0 ± 4.7 |
1.8 ± 5.6 |
< 0.001 |
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Green tea (cups/week)b |
1.6 ± 3.9 |
1.7 ± 4.0 |
2.0 ± 4.2 |
1.4 ± 3.8 |
1.4 ± 3.9 |
< 0.001 |
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Physical activity (kcal/week) |
3694 (1922 - 6728) |
3736 (1810 - 7086) |
3353 (1885 - 5999) |
3725 (1952 - 6605) |
4160(2075 - 8055) |
0.031 |
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% energy from SFA |
11.1 ± 2.8 |
11 ± 2.9 |
10.9 ± 2.7 |
11 ± 2.8 |
11.8 ± 2.8 |
< 0.001 |
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% energy from MUFA |
9.7 ± 2.6 |
9.8 ± 2.7 |
9.8 ± 2.6 |
9.6 ± 2.6 |
9.5 ± 2.6 |
0.115 |
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% energy from PUFA |
5.3 (4.2 - 7.3) |
5.6 (4.2 - 7.6) |
5.4 (4.2 - 7.2) |
5.3 (4.2 - 7.2) |
4.7 (3.8 - 6.4) |
< 0.001 |
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Fiber (g per 1000 kcal) |
10.5 (9.1 - 12.3) |
11.0 (9.3 - 12.8) |
10.6 (9.3 - 12.4) |
10.5 (9.1 - 12.2) |
9.2 (8.0 - 10.8) |
< 0.001 |
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Cholesterol (mg per 1000 kcal) |
113.6 (88.0 -140.5) |
112.2 (86.4 - 141.9) |
110.5 (86.3 - 141.3) |
114.3 (88.7 - 138.2) |
116.9 (93.0 - 146.6) |
0.016 |
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History of hypertension, n (%) |
710 (17.2) |
214 (17.8) |
80 (16.8) |
373 (17.6) |
43 (12.5) |
0.114 |
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History of dyslipidemia, n (%) |
1139 (27.5) |
311 (25.9) |
117 (24.6) |
609 (28.8) |
102 (29.7) |
0.111 |
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a Abbreviations: SFA; saturated fatty acid, MUFA; monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA; polyunsaturated fatty acids. Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (IQR) or n (%) unless otherwise specified. b Median values were assigned to each category of coffee/tea as follows: never/rarely; 0, < 1 cup/week; 0.4, > than 1 cup/wk but < 1cup/d; 4;1-2 cups/d; 10.5; 3-5 cups/d; 28; 6-9 cups/day; 52.5 and 10 or more cups/day; 70. Means and SD are presented in the tables; due to skewed data the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to test for differences between categories. |
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Rebello et al. Nutrition Journal 2011 10:61 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-61 |
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