Table 2 |
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|
Geometric means (95% CI) of glycemic and inflammatory parameters by categories of coffee consumptiona |
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|
Never or rarely |
< 1 cup/day |
1-2 cup(s)/day |
≥ 3 cups/day |
P trendb |
||
|
|
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|
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) |
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|
Model-1c |
4.83 (4.79 - 4.86) |
4.81 (4.75 - 4.86) |
4.86 (4.83 - 4.89) |
4.82 (4.76 - 4.88) |
0.554 |
|
|
Model-2 |
4.76 (4.69 - 4.82) |
4.73 (4.66 - 4.81) |
4.78 (4.72 - 4.84) |
4.74 (4.66 - 4.82) |
0.916 |
|
|
HOMA-IR |
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|
Model-1 |
1.58 (1.52 - 1.65) |
1.54 (1.44 - 1.64) |
1.56 (1.51 - 1.62) |
1.53 (1.42 - 1.64) |
0.449 |
|
|
Model-2 |
1.47 (1.38 - 1.57) |
1.41 (1.30 - 1.52) |
1.41 (1.32 - 1.50) |
1.34 (1.23 - 1.46) |
0.007 |
|
|
Model-3d |
1.43 (1.34 - 1.53) |
1.36 (1.26 - 1.47) |
1.36 (1.28 - 1.45) |
1.32 (1.22 - 1.44) |
0.021 |
|
|
HOMA-beta |
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|
Model-1 |
104.68 (101.2 - 108.28) |
105.57 (100.27 - 111.15) |
100.54 (97.81 - 103.35) |
106.42 (100.24 - 112.98) |
0.715 |
|
|
Model-2 |
106.24 (99.34 - 113.63) |
106.15 (98.43 - 114.47) |
101.9 (95.64 - 108.57) |
107.02 (98.29 - 116.51) |
0.591 |
|
|
HbA1c % |
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|
Model-1 |
5.79 (5.76 - 5.83) |
5.72 (5.67 - 5.78) |
5.78 (5.76 - 5.81) |
5.8 (5.74 - 5.86) |
0.567 |
|
|
Model-2 |
5.75 (5.69 - 5.82) |
5.69 (5.62 - 5.76) |
5.72 (5.66 - 5.78) |
5.72 (5.64 - 5.8) |
0.375 |
|
|
Adiponectin (high molecular weight) µg/ml |
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|
Model-1 |
1.03 (0.98 - 1.08) |
1.04 (0.97 - 1.12) |
1.02 (0.98 - 1.06) |
1.03 (0.95 - 1.12) |
0.953 |
|
|
Model-2 |
0.99 (0.91 - 1.08) |
1.02 (0.92 - 1.12) |
1.00 (0.92 - 1.08) |
1.04 (0.93 - 1.16) |
0.347 |
|
|
CRP (mg/L) |
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|
Model-1 |
1.42 (1.32 - 1.52) |
1.59 (1.43 - 1.77) |
1.49 (1.41 - 1.58) |
1.59 (1.41 - 1.81) |
0.139 |
|
|
Model-2 |
1.31 (1.16 - 1.49) |
1.43 (1.25 - 1.65) |
1.28 (1.14 - 1.44) |
1.23 (1.05 - 1.44) |
0.185 |
|
|
|
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|
a HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-beta, homeostatic model assessment-beta cell function; CRP, C-reactive protein. Numbers of participants differ across outcomes because participants with outlier values (response values > 4 SD from mean) were excluded. These numbers across the 4 categories of coffee consumption are fasting plasma glucose: 1187,461,2084,342; HOMA-IR: 1195,468,2102,343; HOMA-beta: 1187, 468, 2097, 343; HbA1c: 967, 388, 1717, 281; HMW adiponectin: 1176, 452, 2056, 333 and CRP: 1168, 450, 2046, 331. b P-values were obtained from multiple linear regression models with median cups of coffee per week (0, 4,10.5 and 28) as predictors and log transformed parameters as dependant variables. c Model-1: adjusted for age (years), sex and ethnicity (Chinese, Malay, Indian). Model-2: adjusted for Model-1 covariates (above) and BMI (kg/m2), physical activity level (kcal/week), education level (primary, secondary, polytechnic/diploma and university), alcohol level (non-drinkers, < 1 serving/day, and ≥ 1 serving/day), cigarette smoking (never-smokers, ex-smokers, current smokers < 10 cigarettes/d, and current smokers ≥ 10 cigarettes/d), history of dyslipidemia (yes/no), history of hypertension (yes/no), and dietary confounders i.e. energy intake (kcal), fiber (per 1000 kcal), cholesterol (per 1000 kcal), PUFA (% energy), MUFA (% energy), SFA (% energy), green, black, Oolong tea (never/< 1cup per week, 2-6 cups per week, ≥ 1 cup(s) per day). HOMA-beta models were further adjusted for HOMA-IR. d Model-3 was further adjusted for CRP and adiponectin |
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|
Rebello et al. Nutrition Journal 2011 10:61 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-61 |
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