Table 1 |
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Daily Intake of Energy and Macronutrients of Bahraini students (Boys = 256 & Girls = 240) compared to the Dietary Reference Values (EAR, RNI) for the United Kingdom according to age groups 22 |
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Boys |
Girls |
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Macronutrient |
7 - 10 Years (n = 84) |
11-14 Years (n = 97) |
15-18 Years (n = 75) |
All ages |
7 - 10 Years (n = 70) |
11-14 Years (n = 91) |
15-18 Years (n = 79) |
All ages |
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Mean (SD) |
Standard (%)1 |
Mean (SD) |
Standard (%) |
Mean (SD) |
Standard (%) |
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
Standard (%) |
Mean (SD) |
Standard (%) |
Mean (SD) |
Standard (%) |
Mean (SD) |
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Energy (kcal) |
1851.1d (347.9) |
1,970 (94.0) |
2101.3d (548.1) |
2,220 (94.7) |
2367d (548.7) |
2,755 (85.9) |
2097.1b (530.3) |
1793.4 (472.7) |
1,740 (103.1) |
1822.3 (447.7) |
1,845 (98.8) |
1739.9 (386.3) |
2,110 (82.5) |
1786.8b (435.8) |
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Protein (gm) |
70.7 d(18.2) |
28.3 (249.8) |
83.4d (24.2) |
42.1 (198.1) |
91.4d (23.2) |
55.2 (165.6) |
81.6b (23.5) |
68.8 (19.2) |
28.3 (243.1) |
68 (19.9) |
41.2 (165.0) |
67 (20.6) |
45.0 (148.9) |
67.9b (19.9) |
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%Kcals Proteins |
15.3 (2.5) |
15.9 (2.4) |
15.5 (2.4) |
15.6 (2.5) |
15.4 (2.2) |
15 (2.8) |
15.4 (3) |
15.2 (2.7) |
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Carbohydrate (gm) |
241.5d (49.4) |
274d (69.4) |
319.9d (79) |
276.8b (73.3) |
229.2 (62) |
236.7 (65.3) |
230.1 (54.1) |
232.4b (60.7) |
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%Kcals Carbohydrates |
52.3c (5.2) |
52.5c (5.1) |
54 c(5.2) |
52.9 (5.2) |
51.2 (5) |
52 (6) |
53 (5.6) |
52.1 (5.6) |
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Fat, total (gm) |
68.8d (16.7) |
76.6d (25) |
82.2d (22.8) |
75.7b (22.5) |
68.7 (21.8) |
68.8 (19.6) |
63.3 (16.9) |
67b (19.5) |
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%Kcals Fats |
33.3d (3.8) |
32.5d (4) |
31.1d (3.9) |
32.4 (4) |
34.3c (4.1) |
33.9c (4.3) |
32.7c (4) |
33.6 (4.2) |
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Cholesterol (mg) |
260.3 (100.6) |
300.8 (121.6) |
299.8 (167) |
287.2b (131.6) |
265 (121.2) |
243.5 (119.6) |
229.3 (123.7) |
245.1b (121.7) |
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Saturated Fat (gm) |
22.1 (7.3) |
23.1 (8.4) |
24.4 (8.6) |
23.2a (8.1) |
23.1c (9.3) |
22.1c (7.3) |
19.5c (6.2) |
21.6a (7.7) |
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%kcals Saturated |
10.6d (2.3) |
9.9d (2.1) |
9.3d (2.4) |
9.9 (2.3) |
11.4d (2.2) |
10.9d (2.3) |
10.1d (2.2) |
10.8 (2.3) |
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Monounsaturated Fat (gm) |
19.9d (5.9) |
21.2d (7.5) |
24d (7) |
21.6b (7) |
19 (7.2) |
18.9 (6.7) |
17.7 (5.7) |
18.5b (6.5) |
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%kcals Monosaturated |
9.6 (1.9) |
9 (1.9) |
9.1 (1.5) |
9.3 (1.8) |
9.4 (1.8) |
9.2 (2) |
9.1 (1.9) |
9.3 (1.9) |
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Polyunsaturated Fat (gm) |
12.2 (3.5) |
14 (5.6) |
13.5 (4.3) |
13.3b (4.7) |
12.4 (4.5) |
12.7 (5.4) |
11.8 (4.6) |
12.3b (4.9) |
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%kcals Ployunsaturated |
5.9d (1.4) |
6d (1.7) |
5.2d (1.3) |
5.7 (1.5) |
6.3 (1.9) |
6.2 (1.9) |
6.1 (1.9) |
6.2 (1.9) |
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MFA 18:1, Oleic (gm) |
7.8 (4.1) |
7.8 (3.8) |
8.6 (4.7) |
8.0a (4.2) |
7.6 (4.9) |
7.1 (3.7) |
6.8 (3.5) |
7.1a (4) |
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PFA 18:2, Linoleic (gm) |
3.9c (2.1) |
4.9c (3.1) |
4.6c(2.1) |
4.5 (2.6) |
4.3 (2.7) |
4.3 (2.4) |
3.9 (2) |
4.2 (2.4) |
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PFA 18:3, Linolenic (gm) |
0.3 (0.1) |
0.3 (0.2) |
0.3 (0.1) |
0.3 (0.1) |
0.3 (0.2) |
0.3 (0.1) |
0.3 (0.1) |
0.3 (0.2) |
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PFA 20:5, EPA (gm) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0.1) |
0 (0) |
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PFA 22:6, DHA (gm) |
0 (0.1) |
0.1 (0.1) |
0 (0) |
0 (0.1) |
0 (0.1) |
0 (0.1) |
0.1 (0.1) |
0.1 (0.1) |
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Dietary Fiber, total (gm) |
12.4c (5.6) |
13.6c (5.6) |
14.8c (6.1) |
13.5a (5.8) |
12 (5.4) |
12.2 (5.8) |
13 (6.5) |
12.4a (5.9) |
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Sugar, total (gm) |
93.2d (31.1) |
98d (34.5) |
114.6d (43.5) |
101.3b (37.3) |
87.1 (30.7) |
93.8 (40.1) |
85.5 (35.6) |
89.1b (36.1) |
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Sucrose (gm) |
22.7 (11.3) |
22.3 (12.3) |
25.2 (15) |
23.3 (12.8) |
17.5 (9.2) |
16.5 (9.7) |
18.3 (11.8) |
17.4 (10.3) |
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Lactose (gm) |
8.3 (4.5) |
6.5 (4.3) |
6 (5.9) |
6.9b (4.9) |
9 (5.6) |
6.2 (4) |
5.4 (4.7) |
6.7b (4.9) |
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P:S 2 |
0.6 (0.2) |
0.6 (0.2) |
0.6 (0.2) |
0.6 (0.2) |
0.6 (0.2) |
0.6 (0.2) |
0.6 (0.2) |
0.6 (0.2) |
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1: Standard Reference Values (UK): EAR for energy and RNI for Protein, (percentage of standard) [22]; 2: Polyunsaturated fat to Saturated fat ratio a p < 0.05; b p < 0.01 (Mann-Whitney test) Significantly different between genders c p < 0.05, d p < 0.01 Significantly different across age groups |
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Gharib and Rasheed Nutrition Journal 2011 10:62 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-62 |
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