Table 3 |
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Risk factors for type 2 diabetes by coffee treatment group at Week 8a |
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Adjusted means at Week 8 value (95% CI) |
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Caffeinated Coffee |
Decaffeinated Coffee |
No Coffee |
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|
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Glucose (mmol/L) |
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Fasting† |
4.97 (4.58, 5.40) |
5.07 (4.60, 5.58) |
4.78 (4.37, 5.22) |
|
2-hour |
5.48 (4.66, 6.30) |
6.67 (5.72, 7.62) |
5.88 (4.98, 6.78) |
|
Area under the curve |
13.07 (11.93, 14.20) |
14.32 (13.00, 15.64) |
13.85 (12.62, 15.08) |
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Insulin (pmol/L) |
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Fastingb |
47.53 (35.29, 64.03) |
62.84 (44.69, 88.37) |
48.81 (35.28, 67.54) |
|
2-hourb |
255.15 (197.46, 329.70) |
369.50 (275.80, 495.05) |
312.99 (236.37, 414.46) |
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Area under the curve |
617.99 (464.14, 771.83) |
771.03 (594.83, 947.23) |
697.47 (530.22, 864.72) |
|
CISI (mmol/L-1 * pmol/L-1)b |
17.02 (13.25, 21.86) |
12.38 (9.26, 16.53) |
16.75 (12.78, 21.94) |
|
Insulin30 min/Glucose30 minb |
113.78 (80.96, 159.91) |
118.24 (79.65, 175.53) |
78.77 (54.70, 113.43) |
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HOMA-IRb |
1.74 (1.23, 2.46) |
2.33 (1.55, 3.49) |
1.69 (1.16, 2.46) |
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Adiponectin (μg/mL) |
8.90 (8.10, 9.71)c |
8.37 (7.44, 9.30) |
7.46 (6.58, 8.34) |
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C-Reactive protein (mg/L)b |
1.63 (1.07, 2.47) |
1.21 (0.76, 1.91) |
1.24 (0.80, 1.92) |
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Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)b |
1.95 (1.50, 2.54)c |
1.67 (1.25, 2.22) |
1.22 (0.93, 1.59) |
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Fetuin-A (μg/mL)b |
261.52 (228.83, 298.84) |
233.71 (201.54, 270.99)c |
291.07 (212.94, 333.94) |
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HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) |
1.44 (1.36, 1.53) |
1.39 (1.29, 1.49) |
1.49 (1.40, 1.59) |
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LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) |
2.67 (2.46, 2.87) |
2.50 (2.27, 2.73) |
2.72 (2.50, 2.94) |
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Triglycerides (mmol/L)b |
0.93 (0.78, 1.11) |
0.99 (0.81, 1.22) |
0.99 (0.81, 1.20) |
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Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
120.57 (115.46, 125.67) |
116.23 (110.39, 122.07) |
119.37 (113.80 124.95) |
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Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
72.82 (69.70, 75.95) |
66.69 (63.10, 70.27)c |
72.42 (68.99, 75.84) |
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Heart rate (beats per minute) |
67.77 (64.27, 71.26) |
67.39 (63.36, 71.41) |
67.63 (63.82, 71.45) |
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Adjusted means and associated 95% CIs were determined from analysis of covariance procedures. All models included treatment as a main effect, and baseline value and change in weight as covariates. CI, confidence interval; CISI, composite insulin sensitivity index. HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; IR, insulin resistance; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein. a Results for the Week 8 analysis were based on last-observation-carried-forward method for imputation of missing values. One observation carried forward from Week 4 visit, except fetuin-A not measured at Week 4. The Week 8 analysis was based on 41 participants, except for analysis of glucose tolerance measurements (n = 40) where one participant had a missing value for fasting glucose. b Original values were log transformed due to significant departures from normality, then back transformed to yield the geometric means and associated confidence intervals. c Significant difference compared to No Coffee (p < 0.05). |
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Wedick et al. Nutrition Journal 2011 10:93 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-93 |
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