Table 2 |
||||||||
| Summary of recent biomarker studies on various food/dietary components | ||||||||
| Food/Dietary component | Reference | Biomarker (Sample size) | Biological sample | Analytic procedurea | Biomarker classb | Validityc,d(p value) | Reproducibilityd(p value) | Sensitivitye |
| Caffeine | Crews et al.(2001) | Caffeine (137X) (8 adults) | Urine (24 hr) | HPLC | Short term | |||
| Caffeine Metabolite: 17X | Urine (24 hr) | HPLC | Short term | R2=0.58* | ||||
| Caffeine Metabolite : 17U | Urine (24 hr) | HPLC | Short term | R2=0.87* | ||||
| Caffeine Metabolite: 1X | Urine (24 hr) | HPLC | Short term | R2=0.78* | ||||
| Caffeine Metabolite: AFMU | Urine (24 hr) | HPLC | Short term | |||||
| Citrus | Heinzmann et al. (2010) | Proline Betaine (8 adults) | Urine (24 hr) | 1H NMR | Short term | R2=0.40 (<0.0001) | + | |
| Lloyd et al. (2011) | Proline betaine (23 adults) | Urine (fasting) | FT-ICR-MS | Short term? | ||||
| Hesperidin | Urine (fasting) | FT-ICR-MS | ||||||
| Nariruin | Urine (fasting) | FT-ICR-MS | ||||||
| Cocoa | Llorach et al. (2009) | Urinary metabolome (10 adults) | Urine | HPLC-q-TOF | Short term | |||
| Garlic | Verhagen et al.(2001) | S-allyl-mercapturic acid (ALMA) (101 male adults) | Urine (24 hr) | GC-MS | Short term | |||
| Wine | Zamora-Ros et al. (2006) | Total resveratrol metabolites (TRMs) (20 adults) | Urine (fasting) | LC-MS/MS | Short term | + | ||
| TRMs | Plasma (fasting) | LC-MS/MS | Short term | |||||
| Zamora-Ros et al. (2009) | Resveratrol metabolites (1,000 adults) | Urine (fasting) | LC-MS/MS | Short term | r=0.895 (p<0.001) | + | ||
| Rotches-Ribalta et al. (2012) | Resveratrol metabolites (10 males) | Blood & Urine | LC-ESI-MS/MS | Short term | ||||
aHPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography; 1H NMR, 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; FT-ICR-MS, Linear trap quadrupole-Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy ultra; HPLC-q-TOF, High-performance liquid chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry; GC-MS, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS, Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LC-ESI-MS/MS Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multi-stage mass spectrometry.
bShort term: hours/days; Medium term: weeks/months; Long term: months/years.
cResults of comparsion of biomarkers to an appropriate dietary assessment method.
dRepresentative values from the literature.
eBiomarker is able to detect changes in intake over time or distinguish high from low consumers; + = sensitivity has been demonstrated.
*Significance not reported.
Hedrick et al. Nutrition Journal 2012 11:109 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-109
