Table 3 |
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| Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of daily food group expenditures and all-cause mortality (n=1781) | ||||||||||||||
| Food category | Quintile of daily food expenditure (NTD) | P for trend | Per NTD 15 | Per NTD 15† | ||||||||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||||||||||
| Vegetable, range | <8.20 | 8.21-13.9 | 14.0-20.6 | 20.7-29.7 | >29.7 | |||||||||
| Crude | Ref. | 0.67 | (0.51, 0.90) | 0.64 | (0.46, 0.90) | 0.51 | (0.38, 0.69) | 0.56 | (0.39, 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.83 | (0.73, 0.94) | 0.80 | (0.69, 0.93) |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.82 | (0.61, 1.09) | 0.78 | (0.52, 1.17) | 0.55 | (0.39, 0.78) | 0.74 | (0.50, 1.08) | 0.022 | 0.88 | (0.77, 1.01) | 0.84 | (0.72, 0.99) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.87 | (0.65, 1.17) | 0.83 | (0.55, 1.25) | 0.58 | (0.41, 0.83) | 0.79 | (0.54, 1.15) | 0.041 | 0.91 | (0.80, 1.04) | 0.87 | (0.74, 1.01) |
| Fruit, range | 0 | 0.10-9.37 | 9.38-17.1 | 17.2-29.5 | >29.6 | |||||||||
| Crude | Ref. | 0.86 | (0.65, 1.14) | 0.63 | (0.46, 0.86) | 0.57 | (0.43, 0.77) | 0.60 | (0.43, 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.86 | (0.79, 0.93) | 0.84 | (0.76, 0.93) |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.92 | (0.73, 1.17) | 0.62 | (0.42, 0.92) | 0.64 | (0.42, 0.99) | 0.69 | (0.45, 1.05) | 0.020 | 0.90 | (0.81, 1.22) | 0.88 | (0.77, 1.00) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 1.02 | (0.81, 1.28) | 0.76 | (0.53, 1.09) | 0.78 | (0.49, 1.27) | 0.80 | (0.53, 1.22) | 0.219 | 0.95 | (0.87, 1.04) | 0.92 | (0.82, 1.04) |
| Grain, range | <5.11 | 5.11-7.40 | 7.50-10.0 | 10.1-14.4 | >14.4 | |||||||||
| Crude | Ref. | 0.81 | (0.55, 1.18) | 0.72 | (0.51, 1.03) | 0.86 | (0.62, 1.12) | 0.84 | (0.56, 1.26) | 0.485 | 0.97 | (0.79, 1.18) | 1.00 | (0.82, 1.22) |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.76 | (0.51, 1.12) | 0.80 | (0.54, 1.20) | 0.83 | (0.59, 1.18) | 0.82 | (0.52, 1.30) | 0.275 | 1.00 | (0.81, 1.22) | 1.02 | (0.83, 1.24) |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.78 | (0.53, 1.15) | 0.82 | (0.56, 1.22) | 0.87 | (0.62, 1.22) | 0.84 | (0.54, 1.30) | 0.317 | 1.00 | (0.81, 1.22) | 1.01 | (0.82, 1.24) |
| Animal-derived, range | <14.6 | 14.7-27.3 | 27.4-41.0 | 41.1-61.6 | >61.7 | |||||||||
| Crude | Ref. | 1.02 | (0.69, 1.52) | 0.73 | (0.49, 1.08) | 0.97 | (0.60, 1.42) | 1.01 | (0.69, 1.48) | 0.956 | 1.03 | (0.99, 1.07) | 1.03 | (0.99, 1.08) |
| Model 1* | Ref. | 0.94 | (0.67, 1.33) | 0.69 | (0.44, 1.07) | 0.73 | (0.50, 1.06) | 0.74 | (0.44, 1.25) | 0.043 | 0.95 | (0.82, 1.09) | 0.94 | (0.81, 1.10) |
| Model 2* | Ref. | 1.02 | (0.72, 1.44) | 0.76 | (0.47, 1.23) | 0.82 | (0.55, 1.24) | 0.85 | (0.48, 1.51) | 0.246 | 0.97 | (0.84, 1.12) | 0.97 | (0.83, 1.13) |
Model 1: Adjusted simultaneously for total food, vegetable, fruit, and grain (but not animal-derived foods) expenditures, gender, age (y), ethnicity (Fukienese, Hakka, mainlander, indigenous), personal education (illiterate, primary and below, secondary education and above), living arrangement (lived alone, lived with spouse), personal income (<5000, 5000–19,999, ≥20,000 NTD/month), smoking (yes, no), alcohol drinking (yes, no), health status (good, fair, poor), physical activity (<1.5, 1.5-3, >3 MET/day), chewing ability (satisfactory, unsatisfactory), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5-23.9, 24–26.9, ≥27 kg/m2), diabetes mellitus (yes, no), and energy (kcal).
Model 2: Further adjusted for dietary diversity score.
*These models for animal-derived foods have also been adjusted for the same variables as for Models 1 and 2, except for grains.
† All subjects who died in the first year of follow-up were excluded.
Lo et al. Nutrition Journal 2012 11:113 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-113
