Table 1 |
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Characteristics of participants |
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|
Validation study |
Reproducibility study (n = 58) |
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|
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All participants (n = 167) |
S Hospital (n = 76) |
T Hospital (n = 91) |
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|
|
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|
Mean ± SD or n (%) |
Mean ± SD or n (%) |
Mean ± SD or n (%) |
p1 |
Mean ± SD or n (%) |
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|
|
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|
Age [years] |
32.4 ± 4.9 |
30.5 ± 5.0 |
34.1 ± 4.1 |
< 0.001 |
33.8 ± 4.2 |
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|
Parity: Primigravida [n (%)] |
80 |
(48) |
34 |
(45) |
46 |
(51) |
ns |
38 |
(66) |
|
Currently married [n (%)] |
166 |
(99) |
75 |
(99) |
91 |
(100) |
ns |
58 |
(100) |
|
Education [n (%)] |
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|
< 13 years |
32 |
(19) |
25 |
(33) |
7 |
(8) |
< 0.001 |
3 |
(5) |
|
13-15 years |
75 |
(45) |
37 |
(49) |
38 |
(42) |
24 |
(41) |
|
|
> 15 years |
60 |
(36) |
14 |
(18) |
46 |
(51) |
31 |
(53) |
|
|
Household income (Japanese yen/year) [n (%)] |
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|
< 5,000,000 |
59 |
(35) |
38 |
(50) |
21 |
(23) |
< 0.001 |
7 |
(12) |
|
5,000,000-9,000,000 |
70 |
(42) |
32 |
(42) |
38 |
(42) |
27 |
(47) |
|
|
> 9,000,000 |
38 |
(23) |
6 |
(8) |
32 |
(35) |
24 |
(41) |
|
|
Height [cm] |
158.7 ± 5.7 |
157.8 ± 5.2 |
159.5 ± 5.9 |
0.048 |
159.1 ± 5.4 |
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|
Prepregnancy BMI2 [kg/m2] |
20.5 ± 2.3 |
20.6 ± 2.3 |
20.3 ± 2.4 |
ns |
20.2 ± 3.0 |
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|
BMI < 18.5 [n (%)] |
28 |
(17) |
8 |
(11) |
20 |
(22) |
ns |
17 |
(29) |
|
18.5 ≤ BMI < 25.0 [n (%)] |
131 |
(78) |
65 |
(86) |
66 |
(73) |
38 |
(65) |
|
|
BMI ≥ 25.0 [n (%)] |
8 |
(5) |
3 |
(4) |
5 |
(6) |
3 |
(5) |
|
|
Working [n (%)] |
66 |
(40) |
21 |
(28) |
45 |
(50) |
0.004 |
22 |
(38) |
|
Regular smoker during pregnancy [n (%)] |
3 |
(2) |
1 |
(1) |
2 |
(2) |
ns |
1 |
(2) |
|
Regular alcohol drinker during pregnancy [n (%)] |
5 |
(3) |
2 |
(3) |
3 |
(3) |
ns |
2 |
(3) |
|
Nausea during the study period [n (%)] |
46 |
(28) |
15 |
(20) |
31 |
(34) |
0.039 |
10 |
(17) |
|
Gestational age [weeks] |
22.6 ± 2.8 |
25.4 ± 1.0 |
20.3 ± 1.2 |
< 0.001 |
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|
Gestational age at first survey [weeks] |
16.9 ± 1.5 |
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|
Gestational age at second survey [weeks] |
21.0 ± 1.3 |
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|
|
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|
1Student's t-test or the chi-square test 2BMI: body mass index |
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|
Shiraishi et al. Nutrition Journal 2012 11:15 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-15 |
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