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Table 4
Plasma (POsmol) and urine (UOsmol) osmolality, and UOsmol/POsmolratio of UER along MSUM competition
	Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3		Stage 4		Stage 5
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Plasma Osmolality (mOsmol/kg)
UER	281 (16)	287 (14)^*	283 (16)	297 (17)^*	272 (13)	291 (16)^**	271 (12)	298 (10)^**	283 (15)	296 (10)^**
CON	287 (13)				276 (14)				270 (9)
SR	280 (18)	286 (17)^*	282 (17)	294 (16)^*	273 (15)	287 (16)^**	270 (10)	298 (6)^**	286 (13)	294 (10)^*
FR	282 (12)	289 (9)^*	285 (11)	302 (18)^**	271 (9)	297 (14)^**	273 (14)	299 (14)^**	278 (17)	298 (11)^**
Urine Osmolality (mOsmol/kg)
UER	535 (278)	811 (261)^**	673 (311)	914 (367)^**	792 (306)^††b	997 (352)^**†	750 (293)^††	898 (333)^**	834 (343)^††	1050 (402)^**††
CON	577 (197)				545 (78)				608 (349)
SR	514 (295)	840 (226)^**	702 (326)	969 (393)^**	849 (294)^††	1075 (356)^**††	770 (301)^††	939 (323)^**	846 (355)^††	1086 (400)^**††
FR	562 (256)	775 (298)^**	636 (293)	844 (324)^**	722 (311)	899 (326)^**c	724 (285)	847 (344)^**	818 (334)^†	1004 (406)^**
Urine to Plasma Osmolality ratio
UER	2.0 (0.6)	2.7 (0.9)^**	2.6 (1.0)	3.3 (1.1)^**	3.3 (1.0)^††bb	3.9 (1.2)^††**	3.1 (1.0)^††	3.3 (1.0)^**	3.5 (1.1)^††bb	4.2 (1.3)^††**
CON	2.0 (0.3)				2.0 (1.0)				2.2 (1.2)
SR	2.0 (0.7)	2.8 (0.9)^**	2.8 (1.0)	3.7 (1.3)^**cc	3.5 (0.9)^††	4.2 (1.1)^††**	3.2 (1.0)^††	3.3 (1.0)^**	3.6 (1.1)^††	4.4 (1.2)^††**
FR	2.1 (0.6)	2.6 (0.9)^**	2.1 (1.0)	2.8 (1.3)^**	3.1 (1.0)^†	3.5 (1.1)^**	3.1 (1.0)^†	3.3 (0.9)^**	3.4 (1.3)^††	4.0 (1.5)^††**
Individual UER response range (U_Osmol/P_Osmol ratio)
	0.6 to 2.9	0.9 to 4.0	0.4 to 4.6	0.5 to 6.1	1.3 to 4.8	1.6 to 6.1	1.1 to 4.7	1.1 to 5.0	0.9 to 5.4	1.1 to 6.6

Mean (SD): UER (U_Osmon = 72, P_Osmoln = 28); Control (CON, n = 12); slow runners (SR; MSUM mean speed <8 km/h, U_Osmon = 40, P_Osmoln = 17); fast runners (FR; MSUM mean speed ≥8 km/h, U_Osmon = 32, P_Osmoln = 11). †† p < 0.01 and † p < 0.01 vs. Stage 1; ^**p < 0.01 and ^*p < 0.05 vs. pre-stage; ^bbp < 0.01 and ^bp < 0.05 vs. CON; ^ccp < 0.01 and ^cp < 0.05 vs. SR.

Costa et al. Nutrition Journal 2013 12:13 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-12-13

Table 4