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Effect of smoking on serum concentrations of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and other trace elements |
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| Trace element (μmol/L) |
Control (Non-smoker) n = 20 |
Smoker |
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| Grade I 10–15 sticks/d n = 20 |
Grade II 16–20 sticks/d n = 30 |
Grade III 21+ sticks/d n = 30 |
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| Retinol |
.72 ± .06 |
.66 ± .12 |
.45 ± .09* |
.28 ± .07* |
| Alpha-tocopherol |
13.5 ± 1.6 |
10.0 ± .7** |
8.6 ± 1.9*** |
7.9 ± 1.2*** |
| Copper |
.44 ± .25 |
.46 ± .16 |
.61 ± .19* |
.62 ± .27* |
| Selenium |
.013 ± .001 |
.004 ± .001* |
.003 ± .001* |
.003 ± .001* |
| Zinc |
.46 ± .23 |
.46 ± .15 |
.46 ± .20 |
.42 ± .15* |
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Values are mean ± SD. *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001 compared with the control. | ||||
Bashar and Mitra Nutrition Journal 2004 3:18 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-3-18 |
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