Table 6 |
|||||
|
Studies of Carotenoids and Lung Cancer. |
|||||
| Reference |
Study |
# Cases |
# Controls |
Outcomes |
Comment |
|
|
|||||
| [228] |
Hawaiian cohort |
332 |
865 |
Dose-dependent inverse associations for dietary β-carotene, α-carotene, lutein; Subjects with highest intake of all 3 had the lowest risk |
Previous study showed variety of vegetables more protective than just foods rich in a particular carotenoid |
| [229] |
Washington county, Maryland residents |
258 |
515 |
↑Serum/plasma levels of cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin = ↓cancer (OR = 0.74, 0.83, 0.90, SS) |
|
| [230] |
Case control, Spain |
103 |
206, hospital |
No association for intake of α-carotene, β-carotene, or lutein. |
|
| [231] |
Case control, Uruguay |
541 |
540 |
↑total carotenoids = ↓cancer (OR = 0.43, SS) |
Risk reduction for vit E and glutathione also seen. |
| [232] |
Finland cohort |
138 |
↑α-carotene = ↓cancer (OR = 0.61, SS); β-carotene inversely related but not SS. |
90% of α-carotene from carrots |
|
| ↑Fruits and ↑root vegetables = ↓cancer (OR = 0.58, 0.56, respectively, SS) |
|||||
| [233] |
Nurses' Health Study & Health Professionals Follow-Up Study |
794 |
↑α-carotene, lycopene, total carotenoids = ↓cancer (OR = 0.75, 0.80, 068 respectively, SS); Never smokers + ↑α-carotene = ↓cancer (OR = 0.37, SS) |
4–8 year lag between diet assessment and date of diagnosis gave strongest correlations. |
|
| [234] |
Shanghai men's cohort |
209 |
622 |
↑serum β-cryptoxanthin = ↓cancer (OR quartiles = 1, 0.72, 0.42, 0.45, P-trend = 0.02); Smokers with above median level of total carotenoids had a SS 37% reduction in cancer risk |
Study population had ~50% lower mean levels of serum carotenoids compared to US whites. |
| [235] |
Canadian National Breast Screening Study |
155 |
5,631 |
Non-significant inverse trend in risk for α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin |
β-cryptoxanthin most from citrus, red peppers |
| [236] |
Japan Collaborative Cohort Study |
147 |
311 |
↑α-carotene, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, total carotenoids = ↓risk (OR = 0.35, 0.21, 0.37, 0.27 respectively, SS); lycopene and β-cryptoxanthin reduce lung cancer risk, but not significantly |
|
| [237] |
Singapore Chinese Health Study |
482 |
↑dietary β-cryptoxanthin = ↓cancer risk (OR = 0.73, 0.63 for smokers, SS) |
No significant associations of other carotenoids with lung cancer |
|
| [238] |
Pooled analysis of 7 cohorts in USA and Europe |
3,155 |
↑ dietary β-cryptoxanthin = ↓lung cancer (OR = 0.76, SS) |
Other dietary carotenoids not significantly related to lung cancer. |
|
|
SS = statistically significant difference between comparison groups. | |||||
Donaldson Nutrition Journal 2004 3:19 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-3-19 |
|||||
