Figure 7.

The homocysteine wheel: multiorgan damage through redox stress Homocysteine is capable of causing multi-organ damage through the process of oxidative – redox stress. The endothelium is very vulnerable to the effects of HHcy because the endothelium lacks the CBS enzyme, which results in the local loss of the important catabolic metabolism of Hcy. While this article has focused on the cardiovascular manifestations associated with MS, PD, and T2DM there exists numerous other organ systems and diseases associated with the damaging effects of HHcy.