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Origin, enzymatic pathways of reactive oxygen species, and their oxidized products. |
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| Origin – Location Enzymatic Pathway |
ROS Potent Oxidants |
PRODUCTS Oxidized lipids and Proteins |
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| Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain |
O2• -OH• |
Oxidized lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and autoxidation byproducts. |
| Inflammatory Macrophage Membraneous NAD(P)H Oxidase |
O2• OH• H2O2 |
Advanced Lipoxidation Endproducts (ALE) Ortho o-tyrosine Meta m- tyrosine |
| Granular Myeloperoxidase (MPO) |
Hypochlorous Acid HOCL (bleach) •Tyr NO2• |
3-Chlorotyrosine di-Tyrosine NO2-Tyrosine (Nitrotyrosine) |
| Macrophage Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Inducible (iNOS) Large bursts uncontrolled |
ONOO' |
NO2-Tyr (Nitrotyrosine) |
| Endothelial Cell |
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| Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Constitutive (cNOS) eNOS → NO nNOS → NO Small bursts (puffs) controlled |
NO + O2• → ONOO' ONOO' |
NO2-Tyr (Nitrotyrosine) NO2-Tyr |
| eNOS derived NO |
NO: the GOOD |
Natural Occurring, Local Occurring, Chain Breaking Antioxidant |
| Superoxide |
O2.: the BAD |
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| Peroxynitrite |
ONOO• : the UGLY |
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| Hypochlorous acid |
HCLO : the UGLY |
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| Restoration of endothelial derived NITRIC OXIDE Via the eNOS reaction.. |
ANTIOXIDANT ANTIREDOXIDANT → → → |
Prevention of the devastating effects of ROS. |
Hayden and Tyagi Nutrition Journal 2004 3:4 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-3-4 |
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