|
Characteristics of Bogandé pupils and serum retinol changes |
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| G1 (Controls) |
G2 (VA capsule) |
G3 (Red palm oil) |
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|
|
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| Baseline (T0) |
Endline (T1) |
p value |
Baseline (T0) |
Endline (T1) |
p value |
Baseline (T0) |
Endline (T1) |
p value |
|
|
|
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| Total |
(n = 106) |
(n = 117) |
(n = 114) |
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|
|
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| % girls |
43 (34–52) |
- |
- |
49.0 (40–58) |
- |
- |
49.0 (40–58) |
- |
- |
| Age (months) |
94 ± 20 |
- |
- |
101 ± 20 |
- |
- |
102 ± 22 |
- |
- |
| Height-for-age Z-score |
††0.55 ± 1.90 |
††0.43 ± 1.6 |
0.61 |
†† -0.16 ± 1.50 |
†† -0.33 ± 1.20 |
0.33 |
††-0.38 ± 1.56 |
†† -0.33 ± 1.20 |
0.78 |
| BMI-for-age Z-score |
-0.91 ± 0.94 |
-1.25 ± 1.27 |
0.022 |
-0.93 ± 0.96 |
-1.34 ± 1.00 |
0.002 |
-1.13 ± 0.88 |
-1.40 ± 0.99 |
0.03 |
|
|
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| Mean serum retinol (μmol/L) |
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|
|
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| Total |
**0.96 ± 0.36 |
0.94 ± 0.30 |
0.66 |
**0.77 ± 0.28 |
0.98 ± 0.33 |
<0.001 |
**0.82 ± 0.30 |
0.98 ± 0.33 |
<0.001 |
| Girls |
0.96 ± 0.35 |
0.99 ± 0.30 |
0.66 |
0.77 ± 0.29 |
1.00 ± 0.34 |
<0.001 |
0.83 ± 0.30 |
0.96 ± 0.26 |
0.010 |
| Boys |
0.95 ± 0.38 |
0.91 ± 0.30 |
0.50 |
0.78 ± 0.27 |
0.97 ± 0.32 |
<0.001 |
0.81 ± 0.29 |
0.96 ± 0.26 |
0.020 |
|
|
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| Serum retinol <0.70 μmol/L (%) |
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|
|
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| Total |
‡23.6 (15.6–31.6) |
14.2 (8.2–20.2) |
0.08 |
‡46.1 (36.7–56.7) |
17.1 (10.1–27.1) |
<0.001 |
‡40.4 (31.4–49.4) |
14.9 (8.9–20.9) |
<0.001 |
| Girls |
‡‡15.5 (5.5–25.5) |
13.3 (4.3–22.3) |
0.76 |
‡‡45,6 (33.6–57.6) |
14.0 (5.0–23.0) |
<0.001 |
‡‡36.4 (24.4–48.4) |
9.1 (2.1–16.1) |
<0.001 |
| Boys |
‡‡25.5 (15.5–35.5) |
14.8 (6.8–22.8) |
0.24 |
‡‡46.7 (34.7–58.7) |
20.0 (10.0–30.0) |
0.002 |
‡‡44.1 (32.1–56.1) |
20.3 (10.3–30.3) |
0.006 |
|
|
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| % Serum retinol <0.35 μmol/L |
0.0 |
2.0 |
- |
0 |
1.0 |
- |
0 |
0 |
- |
|
|
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| Mean serum retinol change in <0.7 μmol/L subjects at baseline (%) |
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|
|
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| - |
†38.0 ± 47.1 N = 25 |
- |
- |
†87.5 ± 111.2 N = 54 |
- |
- |
†63.1 ± 65.7 N = 46 |
- |
|
|
|
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| Mean serum retinol change in ≥0.70 μmol/L subjects at baseline (%) |
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|
|
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| - |
-2.0 ± 29.0 N = 81 |
- |
9.6 ± 33.9 N = 63 |
- |
- |
6.9 ± 39.2 N = 68 |
- |
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|
Mean ± SD or % (CI 95%) ** At T0, mean serum retinol significantly higher in group G1 than in G2 and G3 (p < 0.001) ‡ At T0, rate of low serum retinol significantly lower in group G1 than in G2 and G3 (p = 0.012) ‡‡ The rate of very low serum retinol not different in boys and girls in the three groups G1, G2 and G3 (p = 0.83, 0.90 and 0.40, respectively) †Change [100*(Serum retinol T1 - serum retinol T0)/Serum retinol T0]: Significantly higher in initially deficient subjects of groups G2 and G3 than in G1 (p < 0.001) ††At T0 and T1, the pupils from G1 were significantly taller than those in G2 and G3 (p < 0.001) | |||||||||
Zeba et al. Nutrition Journal 2006 5:17 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-5-17 |
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