Table 2 |
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Relationship between urinary lithogen factors, types of renal calculi and dietary recommendations |
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Urinary Lithogen Factor |
Values of potentially lithogenic urinary biochemical parameters |
Type of renal calculi |
Dietary recommendations |
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pH |
< 5.5 |
COM u UA COM/UA CYS |
Decrease habitual consumption of: • Animal protein Increase habitual consumption of: • Citrus juices • Soft-drinks • Citric acid rich beverages |
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pH |
> 6.0 |
COM p COM u COD HAP COD/HAP BRU |
Decrease habitual consumption of: • Vegetarian diet • Citrus juices • Soft-drinks • Citric acid rich beverages |
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Calcium |
>170 mg/L female: >250 mg/24 h male: >300 mg/24 h |
COD HAP COD/HAP |
Increase habitual consumption of: • Water intake (> 2 l/day) Decrease habitual consumption of: • Sodium • Animal protein Control: • Vitamin D consumption • Calcium supplements |
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Oxalate |
> 40 mg/24 h |
COM p COM u |
Decrease habitual consumption of: • Oxalate rich foods (see Table 4) • Ascorbic acid rich foods (vitamin C intake greater than 2 g/day) |
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Citrate |
< 350 mg/24 h |
COM p COM u COD HAP COD/HAP |
Increase habitual consumption of: • Citrate rich foods • Citric acid rich beverages |
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Phytate |
< 1 mg/24 h |
COM p COM u COD BRU |
Increase habitual consumption of: • Phytate rich foods (see Table 3) |
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Urate |
> 650 mg/ml female: > 600 mg/24 h male: > 800 mg/24 h |
UA COM/UA |
Decrease habitual consumption of: • Purine rich foods (see Table 5) • Alcoholic drinks |
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COM p: Calcium oxalate monohydrate papillary COM u: Calcium oxalate monohydrate unattached (formed in renal cavities) COD: Calcium oxalate dihydrate COD/HAP: Calcium oxalate dihydrate/hydroxyapatite mixed HAP: Hydroxyapatite STR: Struvite infectious BRU: Brushite UA: Uric acid COM/UA: Calcium oxalate/uric acid mixed |
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Grases et al. Nutrition Journal 2006 5:23 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-5-23 |
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