Table 4

Food items associated with largest estimated effect on mean waist- and hip-circumference in men.

Estimated effect on mean waist circumference

Estimated effect on mean hip circumference

Combined¹

Men

Difference in mean intake 1986–99

Model 1²

Model 2³

Model 1²

Model 2³

1²

2³

Food item³

/mo⁴

/'86 ⁵

mm⁶

p⁷

mm⁶

p⁷

mm⁶

p⁷

mm⁶

p⁷

mm⁶

mm⁶

beer, 4% alcohol

1.0

97%

1.41

0.35

0.26

0.75

-0.63

0.48

-1.03

0.48

-2.04

-1.29

bread, crisp

-15.3

-28%

1.21

0.01

1.10

0.01

0.76

0.62

0.56

0.79

-0.45

-0.54

cream/crème frβiche/sour cream

1.4

48%

0.41

0.62

0.33

0.58

1.98

<.01

1.62

<.01

1.57

1.29

fruit soups/fruit creams

-0.9

-25%

0.56

0.73

0.11

0.76

-0.26

0.31

-0.24

0.29

-0.82

-0.35

hamburger

1.0

68%

2.65

<.01

1.93

0.02

0.75

0.03

0.61

0.03

-1.90

-1.32

milk, 1.5% fat

21.0

403%

-1.20

0.70

-0.76

0.70

2.95

<.01

2.67

<.01

4.15

3.43

milk, 3% fat

-30.3

-81%

-1.41

0.80

-1.58

0.73

1.85

0.01

1.19

0.02

3.26

2.77

oil, cooking

7.3

557%

-1.65

0.71

-1.45

0.65

2.68

0.35

1.80

0.56

4.33

3.25

oil, dressing

1.8

97%

-0.14

0.78

-0.37

0.69

0.33

0.99

0.03

0.99

0.47

0.40

pasta

3.7

110%

-0.90

0.02

<.01

0.10

1.93

0.01

1.59

0.02

2.83

1.59

potato chips/popcorn/salted nuts

1.6

146%

1.65

0.64

1.23

0.71

0.64

0.96

0.43

0.90

-1.02

-0.81

potatoes, French fried

1.2

96%

-0.42

0.91

-1.17

0.66

-0.70

0.58

-0.89

0.44

-0.28

0.29

soft drinks

3.9

114%

0.78

0.21

0.65

0.16

-0.01

0.25

0.06

0.38

-0.79

-0.59

sugar/honey in tea/coffee

-24.0

-44%

0.67

0.77

0.97

0.68

1.19

0.25

0.94

0.56

0.52

-0.03

wine

0.8

65%

0.25

<.01

-0.34

<.01

0.53

0.03

0.48

0.13

0.28

0.82

¹Estimate of total effect on diabetes risk: Differences in mean hip-circumferences (negatively associated with DM) – Differences in mean waist-circumferences (positively associated with DM)

²Model 1: regression of change in mean reported food frequency on waist/hip circumference adjusted for BMI, age and survey-year.

³ Model 2: all variables are adjusted for BMI, age, survey-year, smoking-status (never/ex-/current), level of reported physical activity (lower/higher), educational level (primary school/secondary school/college), level of reported alcohol (quartiles) intake as well as interaction between smoking and low physical activity, smoking and high alcohol intake, low physical activity and high alcohol intake.

⁴ number of reported intakes per month

⁵ relative changes in % of mean reported intake 1986

⁶ estimated net effects of trends in reported intakes on mean waist/hip circumference.

⁷ probabilities that partial regression coefficients for different levels of intake are equal to zero at 95% level

Krachler et al. Nutrition Journal 2006 5:34   doi:10.1186/1475-2891-5-34