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Association between serum folate concentrations and consumption of tobacco, coffee, and alcohol in the study sample of Cretan adults. |
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| Age- & gender-adjusted 1 |
Multivariate-adjusted 2 |
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| Geometric mean (95% CI) |
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| Tobacco consumption |
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| Non/ex-smokers (n = 314) |
18.0 (16.9–19.1) |
17.4 (16.3–18.6) |
| Current smokers (n = 165) |
16.0 (14.7–17.4)3 |
16.2 (14.9–17.7) |
| <10 cigs/day (n = 52) |
17.7 (15.3–20.5) |
16.5 (14.1–19.4) |
| 10–19 cigs/day (n = 36) |
15.0 (12.6–17.9) |
14.7 (12.2–17.8) |
| ≥20 cigs/day (n = 76) |
14.6 (12.9–16.5)4 |
14.9 (12.9–17.2) |
| Coffee consumption |
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| None (n = 102) |
18.2 (16.4–20.2) |
17.9 (16.2–19.8) |
| ≤200 g/day (n = 195) |
16.9 (15.7–18.2) |
17.2 (16.0–18.5) |
| >200 g/day (n = 86) |
15.5 (13.8–17.3)5 |
15.6 (14.0–17.4) |
| Alcohol consumption |
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| None (n = 293) |
17.0 (16.0–18.1) |
17.0 (16.0–18.0) |
| ≤180 g/day (n = 43) |
16.0 (13.6–18.9) |
16.1 (13.8–18.9) |
| >180 g/day (n = 47) |
16.8 (14.4–19.7) |
18.2 (15.6–21.2) |
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1 ANCOVA, controlling for age and gender. 2 ANCOVA, controlling for age, gender, district of residence, total energy intake, intakes of MUFA, fibre, calcium, magnesium, folate, vitamins A, E, C, B1, B6 (all log transformed). 4 Non/ex-smokers had significantly higher serum folate concentrations than current smokers (p = 0.029). 5 p = 0.047, linear trend by level of tobacco consumption. 6 p = 0.035, linear trend by level of coffee consumption. | ||
Hatzis et al. Nutrition Journal 2006 5:5 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-5-5 |
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