|
Heaviest participants (body-weight ≥ 100 kg) initiating smoking at ≤ 20 years: relative risk of hospital-treated pneumonia by vitamin E supplementation |
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| Intervention |
Effect of vitamin E |
||||
| Vitamin E |
No vitamin E |
||||
| Subgroup |
No. of participants |
No. of cases |
No. of cases |
RR (95% CI)* |
P-value for interaction |
|
|
|||||
| All |
1226 |
20 |
7 |
3.10 (1.30–7.4) |
|
| BMI † |
|||||
| < median |
613 |
8 |
4 |
2.18 (0.64–7.4) |
0.3 |
| ≥ median |
613 |
12 |
3 |
4.66 (1.30–16.7) |
|
| Height † |
|||||
| < median |
593 |
11 |
5 |
2.19 (0.75–6.3) |
0.4 |
| ≥ median |
633 |
9 |
2 |
5.50 (1.11–27.1) |
|
| Dietary vitamin E † |
|||||
| < median |
613 |
11 |
4 |
3.00 (0.94–9.5) |
0.9 |
| ≥ median |
613 |
9 |
3 |
3.85 (0.93–15.9) |
|
| Dietary vitamin C † |
|||||
| < median |
613 |
8 |
6 |
1.37 (0.46–4.0) |
0.019 |
| ≥ median |
613 |
12 |
1 |
14.5 (1.84–114.5) |
|
| Residual of fruit, vegetables, berries † |
|||||
| < median |
613 |
12 |
4 |
3.55 (1.13–11.2) |
0.8 |
| ≥ median |
613 |
8 |
3 |
2.65 (0.69–10.1) |
|
| β-Carotene supplementation |
|||||
| No |
622 |
10 |
3 |
3.23 (0.89–11.8) |
0.9 |
| Yes |
604 |
10 |
4 |
3.90 (1.10–13.8) |
|
|
* Proportional hazards regression model comparing participants who received vitamin E with those who did not. The regression models were adjusted for age, baseline smoking, intake of coffee and alcohol, BMI and employment. Participants with missing data on confounders (n = 102) are excluded from this table. The sizes of all compared intervention groups are the same within 15% accuracy. RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval. † The medians for the high-weight group are: weight 106.0 kg; BMI 33.5 kg/m2; height 179 cm; dietary vitamin E intake 12.4 mg/day; dietary vitamin C intake 95.5 mg/day; residual of fruit, vegetable, and berry intake -4.8 g/day. | |||||
Hemilä and Kaprio Nutrition Journal 2008 7:33 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-33 |
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