Table 1 |
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|
Food consumption and mental health indicators by country and gender |
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|
DE |
PL |
BG |
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|
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
|
|
N = 394 |
N = 302 |
N = 351 |
N = 138 |
N = 449 |
N = 205 |
|
|
|
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|
Food Groupa |
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
|
Sweets |
3.3 (1.0) |
3.0 (1.0) |
3.1 (0.9) |
3.1 (0.8) |
3.6 (0.9) |
3.4 (0.9) |
|
Cakes/cookies |
2.3 (0.6) |
2.2 (0.6) |
2.8 (0.8) |
2.7 (0.8) |
3.1 (0.9) |
3.0 (0.9) |
|
Snacks |
2.1 (0.7) |
2.3 (0.7) |
2.1 (0.8) |
2.2 (0.9) |
2.8 (0.9) |
2.7 (0.8) |
|
Fast food |
2.2 (0.6) |
2.4 (0.6) |
1.8 (0.7) |
2.0 (0.8) |
3.1 (1.0) |
3.5 (0.9) |
|
Fresh fruits |
3.5 (0.9) |
3.2 (0.9) |
3.3 (0.9) |
3.0 (0.9) |
3.6 (0.9) |
3.3 (0.8) |
|
Salad |
3.3 (0.8) |
3.1 (0.8) |
3.1 (0.8) |
3.0 (0.8) |
3.7 (0.9) |
3.4 (0.8) |
|
Cooked vegetables |
3.1 (0.8) |
3.0 (0.8) |
2.7 (0.9) |
2.6 (0.9) |
3.0 (0.9) |
3.1 (0.9) |
|
Soft drinks |
2.5 (1.1) |
2.9 (1.0) |
2.9 (1.1) |
3.1 (0.9) |
2.9 (1.2) |
3.3 (1.1) |
|
Meat |
3.0 (1.0) |
3.6 (0.9) |
3.3 (0.9) |
3.6 (0.9) |
3.1 (1.0) |
3.7 (0.9) |
|
Fish |
2.0 (0.7) |
2.2 (0.8) |
2.2 (0.7) |
2.3 (0.7) |
2.3 (0.7) |
2.5 (0.8) |
|
Milk products |
3.9 (0.9) |
3.9 (0.9) |
3.3 (1.0) |
3.2 (1.0) |
3.8 (0.8) |
3.7 (0.9) |
|
Cereal/cereal products |
3.9 (0.9) |
3.6 (1.1) |
3.6 (1.0) |
3.5 (1.1) |
3.5 (1.1) |
3.8 (1.1) |
|
Mental Health Indicators |
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|
M-BDIb |
28.1 (15.6) |
25.2 (14.7) |
33.6 (17.4) |
27.6 (15.2) |
33.6 (15.4) |
29.9 (13.6) |
|
PSSc |
25.2 (8.1) |
22.9 (8.0) |
29.3 (7.5) |
25.0 (6.9) |
26.5 (7.8) |
23.8 (7.3) |
|
|
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|
a Mean of the consumption frequency scale from 1 = never to 5 = several times per day b Mean Modified Beck Depression Index, higher scores indicate stronger depressive symptoms c Mean Perceived Stress Scale by Cohen, higher scores indicate higher perceived stress |
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|
Mikolajczyk et al. Nutrition Journal 2009 8:31 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-8-31 |
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