Table 1 |
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Baseline anthropometric, body composition, biochemical parameters and dietary analysis for the high energy, high carbohydrate diet + exercise (HED; 2,600: 55:15:30), no diet + exercise (ND), very low carbohydrate, high protein diet + exercise (VLCHP: 1,200; 63:7:30), low carbohydrate, moderate protein diet + exercise (LCMP: 1,200; 50:20:30), high carbohydrate, low protein diet + exercise (HCLP: 1,200; 55:15:30) and no diet + no exercise control (CON). |
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|
Demographics |
Grand Mean (n = 141) |
HED (n = 9) |
ND (n = 5) |
VLCHP (n = 39) |
LCMP (n = 36) |
HCLP (n = 43) |
CON (n = 9) |
P-value |
|
|
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|
Age (years) |
39 ± 8 |
43 ± 7 |
42 ± 2 |
38 ± 8 |
40 ± 7 |
38 ± 8 |
32 ± 10 |
0.06 |
|
Height (cm) |
163 ± 7 |
162 ± 8 |
165 ± 3 |
163 ± 8 |
164 ± 7 |
164 ± 6 |
163 ± 6 |
0.95 |
|
Weight (kg) |
93 ± 17 |
88 ± 16 |
93 ± 28 |
95 ± 18 |
95 ± 15 |
93 ± 15 |
86 ± 17 |
0.65 |
|
Body mass index (kg•m-2) |
35 ± 6 |
33 ± 6 |
34 ± 11 |
36 ± 7 |
36 ± 6 |
35 ± 5 |
33 ± 6 |
0.70 |
|
Waist (cm) |
98 ± 13 |
97 ± 6 |
86 ± 11 |
99 ± 15 |
102 ± 14 |
98 ± 11 |
92 ± 13 |
0.12 |
|
DXA fat-free mass (kg) |
47 ± 7 |
46 ± 8 |
47 ± 11 |
48 ± 7 |
47 ± 6 |
48 ± 6 |
45 ± 7 |
0.87 |
|
DXA fat mass (kg) |
39 ± 10 |
35 ± 9 |
41 ± 16 |
39 ± 10 |
42 ± 10 |
39 ± 9 |
35 ± 9 |
0.28 |
|
REE (kcals•d-1) |
1632 ± 277 |
1297 ± 319 |
1462 ± 246 |
1690 ± 283f |
1642 ± 249f |
1642 ± 247f |
1720 ± 265f |
< 0.005 |
|
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) |
123 ± 13 |
122 ± 13 |
118 ± 4 |
125 ± 13 |
122 ± 14 |
123 ± 13 |
121 ± 13 |
0.89 |
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) |
82 ± 8 |
82 ± 11 |
81 ± 8 |
84 ± 10 |
82 ± 8 |
82 ± 7 |
80 ± 7 |
0.84 |
|
VO2 (ml/kg/min) |
22 ± 4 |
24 ± 3 |
21 ± 4 |
22 ± 4 |
21 ± 5 |
22 ± 3 |
24 ± 5 |
0.51 |
|
Biochemical parameters |
Grand Mean |
HED |
ND |
VLCHP |
LCMP |
HCLP |
CON |
P-value |
|
|
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|
Total cholesterol (mmol•L-1) |
5.0 ± 0.9 |
5.2 ± 1.0 |
5.4 ± 1.0 |
5.1 ± 0.9 |
5.0 ± 0.8 |
4.9 ± 1.0 |
5.1 ± 1.1 |
0.78 |
|
HDL cholesterol (mmol•L-1) |
1.3 ± 0.3 |
1.4 ± 0.3 |
1.3 ± 0.2 |
1.3 ± 0.4 |
1.4 ± 0.3 |
1.3 ± 0.3 |
1.2 ± 0.3 |
0.31 |
|
LDL cholesterol (mmol•L-1) |
3.0 ± 0.8 |
3.2 ± 0.9 |
3.5 ± 1.1 |
3.0 ± 0.9 |
2.9 ± 0.7 |
3.0 ± 0.8 |
3.2 ± 0.9 |
0.47 |
|
Triglycerides (mmol•L-1) |
1.4 ± 0.6 |
1.2 ± 0.5 |
1.4 ± 0.3 |
1.6 ± 0.7 |
1.4 ± 0.6 |
1.4 ± 0.6 |
1.5 ± 0.7 |
0.73 |
|
Glucose (mmol•L-1) |
5.4 ± 0.9 |
5.5 ± 0.5 |
5.2 ± 0.5 |
5.5 ± 1.2 |
5.4 ± 0.9 |
5.4 ± 0.6 |
5.1 ± 0.6 |
0.83 |
|
Insulin (pmol•L-1) |
271 ± 331 |
252 ± 333 |
60 ± 50 |
351 ± 377 |
274 ± 410 |
227 ± 195 |
N/A |
0.33 |
|
HOMA-IR |
9.6 ± 11.4 |
9.5 ± 13.7 |
2.0 ± 1.6 |
12.5 ± 13.4 |
9.3 ± 12.9 |
8.1 ± 7.4 |
N/A |
0.28 |
|
Cortisol (μg•dL-1) |
34.9 ± 17.5 |
38.1 ± 31.8 |
35.6 ± 20.1 |
33.4 ± 16.7 |
34.7 ± 14.7 |
35.7 ± 16.2 |
N/A |
0.96 |
|
Ketones (μM) |
0.06 ± 0.04 |
0.18 ± 0.15 |
0.09 ± 0.09 |
0.10 ± 0.13 |
0.08 ± 0.06 |
0.08 ± 0.06 |
N/A |
0.29 |
|
Leptin (pg•mL-1) |
21.2 ± 6.4 |
20.1 ± 6.8 |
23.0 ± 7.5 |
22.8 ± 7.9 |
22.8 ± 7.9 |
21.2 ± 7.0 |
N/A |
0.76 |
|
Dietary Intake |
Grand Mean |
HED |
ND |
VLCHP |
LCMP |
HCLP |
CON |
P-value |
|
|
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|
Caloric intake (kcal/kg/day) |
21.7 ± 6.8 |
23.6 ± 5.3 |
22.3 ± 4.4 |
20.9 ± 6.4 |
21.1 ± 5.1 |
22.4 ± 8.5 |
--- |
0.87 |
|
Carbohydrate (g/kg/day) |
2.5 ± 0.9 |
2.8 ± 0.9 |
2.4 ± 0.4 |
2.4 ± 0.9 |
2.4 ± 0.7 |
2.6 ± 1.1 |
--- |
0.24 |
|
Protein (g/kg/day) |
0.9 ± 0.3 |
0.7 ± 0.2 |
0.8 ± 0.1 |
0.9 ± 0.3 |
0.9 ± 0.4 |
0.9 ± 0.3 |
--- |
< 0.001 |
|
Fat (g/kg/day) |
0.9 ± 0.3 |
1.1 ± 0.2 |
1.1 ± 0.4 |
0.9 ± 0.2 |
0.9 ± 0.3 |
0.9 ± 0.4 |
--- |
0.95 |
|
|
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|
All data is presented as means ± SD at baseline. Significance level was set at 0.05. dDifferent than VLCHP, P < 0.001 - 0.05; f Different than HED, P < 0.010. NOTE: No other differences at baseline existed (P > 0.05). |
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|
Kerksick et al. Nutrition Journal 2010 9:59 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-59 |
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