Table 2 |
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|
Nutrient intake data (mean ± SD, from 3-day food records taken pre-study, and after one-month and two-months ingestion of cereal product (low-, medium, and high fortification) in children |
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|
Variable |
Pre-study |
1-month |
2-months |
Interaction p-value |
|
|
||||
|
Energy (kcal) |
||||
|
Low (N = 23) |
2313 ± 785 |
2164 ± 764 |
2096 ± 851 |
0.890 |
|
Medium (N = 22) |
2246 ± 632 |
2096 ± 535 |
2084 ± 564 |
|
|
High (N = 19) |
2132 ± 429 |
2178 ± 577 |
1952 ± 547 |
|
|
Vit E (α-TE, mg) |
||||
|
Low |
4.30 ± 2.36 |
4.41 ± 3.72 |
4.24 ± 2.45 |
<0.001 |
|
Medium |
4.20 ± 1.84 |
3.24 ± 1.97 |
3.63 ± 1.81 |
|
|
High |
4.28 ± 1.93 |
13.3 ± 5.08* |
13.6 ± 5.11* |
|
|
Vit C (mg) |
||||
|
Low |
82.3 ± 77.4 |
68.2 ± 64.6 |
92.9 ± 89.1 |
0.002 |
|
Medium |
79.2 ± 45.8 |
95.7 ± 86.0 |
104 ± 95.3 |
|
|
High |
90.2 ± 64.1 |
178 ± 75.2* |
176 ± 58.5 |
|
|
Vit A (RE) |
||||
|
Low |
265 ± 112 |
239 ± 128 |
237 ± 144 |
<0.001 |
|
Medium |
289 ± 126 |
572 ± 147* |
583 ± 114* |
|
|
High |
266 ± 117 |
1727 ± 431* |
1657 ± 589* |
|
|
Thiamin (mg) |
||||
|
Low |
1.62 ± 0.73 |
1.06 ± 0.58 |
1.15 ± 0.50 |
<0.001 |
|
Medium |
1.57 ± 0.66 |
1.74 ± 0.55* |
1.64 ± 0.47* |
|
|
High |
1.48 ± 0.35 |
1.87 ± 0.85* |
1.67 ± 0.51* |
|
|
Riboflavin (mg) |
||||
|
Low |
1.90 ± 0.87 |
1.47 ± 0.78 |
1.54 ± 0.72 |
0.002 |
|
Medium |
1.90 ± 0.87 |
2.23 ± 0.80* |
2.24 ± 0.77* |
|
|
High |
1.73 ± 0.63 |
2.23 ± 0.50* |
2.14 ± 0.64* |
|
|
Niacin (mg) |
||||
|
Low |
19.4 ± 8.4 |
15.1 ± 9.3 |
15.4 ± 8.0 |
0.011 |
|
Medium |
19.9 ± 9.3 |
21.5 ± 7.1* |
21.4 ± 6.4* |
|
|
High |
17.9 ± 6.4 |
23.9 ± 11.8* |
21.2 ± 7.8* |
|
|
Vit B6 (mg) |
||||
|
Low |
1.36 ± 0.57 |
1.06 ± 0.51 |
1.16 ± 0.62 |
<0.001 |
|
Medium |
1.45 ± 0.72 |
1.82 ± 0.64* |
1.88 ± 0.62* |
|
|
High |
1.23 ± 0.48 |
1.98 ± 0.71* |
1.81 ± 0.64* |
|
|
Vit B12 (mcg) |
||||
|
Low |
3.34 ± 1.82 |
3.30 ± 2.32 |
2.74 ± 1.43 |
0.002 |
|
Medium |
3.80 ± 2.07 |
5.40 ± 1.79* |
5.02 ± 1.70* |
|
|
High |
3.22 ± 1.63 |
5.37 ± 1.71* |
4.97 ± 1.82* |
|
|
Folate (mcg) |
||||
|
Low |
288 ± 143 |
156 ± 79 |
185 ± 97 |
<0.001 |
|
Medium |
265 ± 121 |
548 ± 174* |
499 ± 167* |
|
|
High |
249 ± 89 |
513 ± 177* |
509 ± 151* |
|
|
Iron (mg) |
||||
|
Low |
16.2 ± 6.6 |
10.4 ± 3.8 |
10.5 ± 3.2 |
<0.001 |
|
Medium |
16.1 ± 6.8 |
26.6 ± 6.6* |
24.4 ± 7.2* |
|
|
High |
14.0 ± 4.2 |
25.3 ± 7.4* |
24.5 ± 6.1* |
|
|
Zinc (mg) |
||||
|
Low |
9.45 ± 5.72 |
6.41 ± 3.44 |
6.75 ± 3.00 |
<0.001 |
|
Medium |
9.58 ± 5.87 |
13.0 ± 4.3* |
12.9 ± 3.5* |
|
|
High |
7.77 ± 3.36 |
19.0 ± 5.7* |
19.9 ± 6.2* |
|
|
|
||||
|
* = p < 0.05 compared to the low fortification group. |
||||
|
Nieman et al. Nutrition Journal 2011 10:36 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-36 |
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