Table 1 |
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|
General demographic and clinical characteristics |
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|
Non-consumption (n = 156) |
Low consumption ≤ 1 serving/week (n = 106) |
High consumption > 1 serving/week (n = 89) |
p |
|
|
|
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|
Age |
57.32 ± 11.10 |
54.11 ± 11.76 |
51.07 ± 11.57 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
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|
Male (n, %) |
93 (59.60) |
59 (55.70) |
67 (75.30) |
0.012 |
|
|
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|
Female (n,%) |
63 (40.40) |
47(44.30) |
22 (24.70) |
- |
|
|
||||
|
Diabetes (n, %) |
58 (37.20) |
23 (21.70) |
8 (9.00) |
< 0.001 |
|
|
||||
|
Hypertension (n, %) |
126 (80.77) |
83 (53.21) |
64 (41.03) |
0.273 |
|
|
||||
|
Obesity (BMI > 30) (n, %) |
58 (37.20) |
36 (34.00) |
20 (22.50) |
0.057 |
|
|
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|
Dyslipidemia (n, %) |
109 (69.90) |
84 (79.20) |
75 (84.30) |
0.034 |
|
|
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|
Smoking (n, %) |
35 (22.40) |
27 (25.50) |
23 (25.80) |
0.783 |
|
|
||||
|
Antihypertensive drugs (n, %) |
84 (53.80) |
48 (45.30) |
33 (37.10) |
0.037 |
|
|
||||
|
Lipid lowering drugs (n, %) |
59 (37.80) |
27 (25.50) |
14 (15.70) |
0.001 |
|
|
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|
BMI (Kg/m2) |
28.78 ± 4.61 |
28.46 ± 4.31 |
27.50 ± 3.74 |
0.082 |
|
|
||||
|
Waist circumference (cm.) |
98.21 ± 12.74 |
96.83 ± 11.44 |
95.93 ± 11.74 |
0.342 |
|
|
||||
|
Serum glucose (mg/dL) |
106.12 ± 36.32 |
95.42 ± 25.89 |
89.52 ± 15.74 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
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|
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
200.29 ± 40.16 |
205.41 ± 35.33 |
206.07 ± 34.59 |
0.400 |
|
|
||||
|
Cardiovascular risk (Score) |
5.08 ± 6.12 |
4.16 ± 7.06 |
2.82 ± 4.39 |
0.020 |
|
|
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|
Cardiovascular risk (D'Agostino) |
22.15 ± 15.60 |
18.68 ± 18.12 |
16.23 ± 13.66 |
0.017 |
|
|
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|
Office SBP (mmHg) |
138.81 ± 17.17 |
138.78 ± 17.86 |
140.12 ± 16.62 |
0.822 |
|
|
||||
|
Office DBP (mmHg) |
85.89 ± 10.74 |
87.09 ± 10.39 |
87.87 ± 11.27 |
0.357 |
|
|
||||
|
Peripheral pulse pressure (mmHg) |
52.91 ± 13.00 |
51.68 ± 13.01 |
52.24 ± 11.45 |
0.736 |
|
|
||||
|
Central SBP (mmHg) |
131.66 ± 18.35 |
130.58 ± 17.26 |
132.17 ± 19.09 |
0.820 |
|
|
||||
|
Central DBP (mmHg) |
87.87 ± 11.50 |
88.05 ± 10.78 |
89.49 ± 11.73 |
0.534 |
|
|
||||
|
Central Pulse pressure (mmHg) |
43.78 ± 14.12 |
42.53 ± 11.54 |
42.67 ± 12.76 |
0.696 |
|
|
||||
|
24 h SBP (mmHg) |
124.12 ± 12.48 |
125.73 ± 12.64 |
127.78 ± 12.39 |
0.087 |
|
|
||||
|
24 h DBP (mmHg) |
75.51 ± 9.52 |
77.47 ± 9.91 |
79.20 ± 9.35 |
0.014 |
|
|
||||
|
24 h Pulse pressure (mmHg) |
48.60 ± 9.70 |
48.26 ± 9.12 |
48.58 ± 9.26 |
0.955 |
|
|
||||
|
PWV (m/s) |
9.22 ± 2.15 |
8.93 ± 2.41 |
8.47 ± 1.96 |
0.039 |
|
|
||||
|
C-IMT mean (mm.) |
0.74 ± 0.10 |
0.72 ± 0.11 |
0.71 ± 0.13 |
0.109 |
|
|
||||
|
C-IMT maximum (mm.) |
0.91 ± 0.12 |
0.89 ± 0.13 |
0.88 ± 0.16 |
0.100 |
|
|
||||
|
CAIx |
30.24 ± 11.25 |
30.84 ± 11.34 |
28.81 ± 11.11 |
0.439 |
|
|
||||
|
PAIx |
94.74 ± 22.91 |
92.03 ± 17.95 |
88.43 ± 21.39 |
0.085 |
|
|
||||
|
AASI |
0.38 ± 0.06 |
0.37 ± 0.05 |
0.37 ± 0.05 |
0.331 |
|
|
||||
|
Day AASI |
0.38 ± 0.06 |
0.37 ± 0.05 |
0.37 ± 0.05 |
0.363 |
|
|
||||
|
Night AASI |
0.39 ± 0.14 |
0.37 ± 0.16 |
0.39 ± 0.16 |
0.786 |
|
|
||||
|
ABI |
1.07 ± 0.10 |
1.08 ± 0.11 |
1.08 ± 0.09 |
0.791 |
|
|
||||
|
Total energy (Kcal/day) |
2312.80 ± 691.41 |
2487.15 ± 660.39 |
2907.62 ± 777.29 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
||||
|
Carbohydrates (g/day) |
259.47 ± 95.26 |
269.97 ± 82.01 |
323.36 ± 99.28 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
||||
|
Protein (g/day) |
101.87 ± 32.40 |
108.73 ± 30.33 |
113.29 ± 28.44 |
0.016 |
|
|
||||
|
Total fat (g/day) |
87.35 ± 31.93 |
99.60 ± 36.93 |
120.11 ± 37.92 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
||||
|
BMI: Body mass index, SBP: Systolic blood pressure, DBP: Diastolic blood pressure, IMT: Intima-media thickness, PWV: Pulse wave velocity, C-IMT: Carotid intima-media thickness, CAIx: Central augmentation index, PAIx: Peripheral augmentation index, AASI: Ambulatory arterial stiffness index, ABI: ankle-brachial index Data for qualitative variables are expressed as n (%) and quantitative variables as mean ± standard deviation p: statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) |
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|
Recio-Rodríguez et al. Nutrition Journal 2012 11:8 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-8 |
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