Table 5

Risk of suboptimal or elevated serum biomarker concentrations and elevated blood pressure by supplement user group.
Outcome
 Cases: n/(%)
 OR*
 95% CI*
Homocysteine (>9 μmol/L)


     Multiple Supp users
 30/(10.9)
 0.11
 0.06–0.19
     Single Supp users
 69/(37.0)
 0.53
 0.34–0.83
     No Supp users
 282/(45.3)
 1.00
C-reactive protein (>0.3 mg/dL)


     Multiple Supp users
 0/(0.00)
 †
 †
     Single Supp users
 51/(30.6)
 0.66
 0.40–1.09
     No Supp users
 230/(41.3)
 1.00
Total cholesterol (>200 mg/dL)


     Multiple Supp users
 145/(52.5)
 0.78
 0.56–1.09
     Single Supp users
 89/(57.8)
 1.08
 0.72–1.62
     No Supp users
 291/(54.3)
 1.00
HDL-cholesterol (<40 mg/dL males, <50 mg/dL females)


     Multiple Supp users
 44/(15.8)
 0.50
 0.33–0.75
     Single Supp users
 40/(24.5)
 0.58
 0.41–0.83
     No Supp users
 203/(38.0)
 1.00
Ratio total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol (<5)


     Multiple Supp users
 35/(12.7)
 0.49
 0.32–0.74
     Single Supp users
 48/(35.3)
 1.05
 0.64–1.73
     No Supp users
 189/(36.5)
 1.00
Triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL)


     Multiple Supp users
 52/(18.8)
 0.44
 0.27–0.71
     Single Supp users
 31/(41.5)
 0.99
 0.50–1.94
     No Supp users
 157/(42.8)
 1.00
LDL-cholesterol (>130 mg/dL)


     Multiple Supp users
 109/(39.5)
 0.96
 0.56–1.65
     Single Supp users
 32/(47.6)
 1.19
 0.70–2.03
     No Supp users
 101/(42.7)
 1.00
Blood Pressure (DBP>80 mmHg or SBP>120 mmHg)


     Multiple Supp users
 154/(55.6)
 0.61
 0.41–0.92
     Single Supp users
 117/(71.2)
 1.34
 0.88–2.03
     No Supp users
 353/(64.6)
 1.00

* Logistic regression methods were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted as in footnote to Table 4. The referent group for risk estimation was the No Supp group.

†OR and 95% CI not estimable because zero events in the user group. Number and percent shown instead.

HDL = high-density lipoprotein, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, SBP = systolic blood pressure.

Block et al. Nutrition Journal 2007 6:30   doi:10.1186/1475-2891-6-30

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